2.90:Confidence Multiplier and Output Confidence (Property)

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202520232.90
Graphic depicting the notion of Weighted Rules.

Some results carry more weight than others. The Confidence Multiplier and Output Confidence properties allow you to manually adjust an extraction result's confidence.

About

The Confidence Multiplier and Output Confidence properties of Data Type and Data Format extractors allow you to manually alter the confidence score of returned values.

Use of these properties is sometimes referred to as weighted rules. Its practical application allows a user to increase or decrease the confidence score of an extractor's result (or set its confidence to an assigned value). This changes the confidence of the extractor's results, making them appear more (or less) favorable. When used in combination with the Order By property set to Confidence on a parent Data Type, you can manipulate which child extractor's result the parent prioritizes.

General Usage - Confidence Multiplier

Modifying the Confidence Multiplier property of a Data Type or Data Format is done by clicking on the ellipses in the Result Options property which opens the Result Options submenu.

The Confidence Multiplier property defaults to 1 and can be changed in this submenu. The field is a double and takes floating point values.

For example, a value of 0.5 will multiply the confidence of output results by 0.5. If the output confidence was 100%, now it will be 50%. Similarly, you can increase the confidence, even above 100%. If the Confidence Multiplier property is set to 3, and an output result had a 50% confidence, it will not display as 150% confidence.

General Usage - Output Confidence

Modifying the Output Confidence property of a Data Type or Data Format is also done by clicking on the ellipses in the Result Options property which opens the Result Options submenu.

The Output Confidence property defaults to 0% and can be changed in this submenu. The default of 0% will not alter the results confidence scores. Changing this number will override whatever the result's original confidence is and replace it with this value.

For example, a value of 75% will change the confidence of output results to 75%. If the output confidence was 100%, now it will be 75%. If the output confidence was 50%, now it will be 75%. If it was 75%, it will now be (you guessed it) 75%. It doesn't matter what the original confidence was, it will be transformed to the Output Confidence value.

How To

Waterfall Extraction

Weighted Rules can be used in cases where one is trying to find a data element appearing on many similar types of forms but multiple extraction approaches are required to identify the element.

For Example, on different forms, the best method to pick up a piece of data may be a Key-Value Pair, a Field Class, a simple pattern match, a pattern match leveraging FuzzyRegEx, or some other method.

One technique for incorporating multiple extractors to return a single field value is referred to as "Waterfall Extraction". The Waterfall Extraction technique is a method to select a single result from multiple extractor results, according to some specific criteria. First, multiple extractors (and their numerous configurations) are organized under a parent Data Type. The extractors results are prioritized according to the Order By property on the parent Data Type. The Order By property of the parent Data Type can be set to the following: Position, Frequency, Confidence, Extractor, Length, Value.

Setting Order By to Confidence can prioritize the most confident extractor result. This can prioritize "non-Fuzzy" results "Fuzzy" results or the most confident result of the child extractors leveraging FuzzyRegEx. However, extractors using traditional, non-Fuzzy regex always return their results at 100%. The confidence of a returned result has, historically, only been affected in one of two ways:

  1. Data Types (or a child Data Format's) regular expression pattern leverages FuzzyRegEx. Characters are mutated to match the pattern, either inserted, deleted, or swapped. Each mutation comes at the cost of the result's overall confidence, generating a result less than 100% confident.
  2. Field Classes, by design leverage trained/weighted features and should not return results at 100% confidence.

Considering this, a properly configured extractor can, and does, return results below 100%, and can break the logical approach of organizing results by confidence. A result returned at 90% confidence could be more desirable than one returned at 100%.

OCR Misread

In this example, an OCR error produced a misread the words “final loan” by not recognizing the space between them.


Child Data Type Setup

Three Data Types were established to find variations of a result.

FinalLoan

A Data Type which uses a regular expression looking for the expression “finalloan” with no spaces.

Final Loan

A Data Type which uses a regular expression looking for the expression “final loan” with the space.

Fuzzy: Final Loan

A Data Type which uses a fuzzy regular expression looking for the expression “final loan” with the space.

Waterfall Extractor

The Waterfall Extractor is a Data Type that is a parent or references all of the unique extractors for a piece of data and then determines which one should be given as a final output to a Data Field.

Default Output

Using Order By set to Confidence and Direction set to Descending as the sort criteria, two extractors match with the highest confidence result given first. The FinalLoan extractor matched because it found “finalloan” with no spaces and it is not leveraging FuzzyRegEx, so it matched at 100%. The Final Loan extractor did not match, because it is not using FuzzyRegEx and it did not find a space between the two words so it did not consider it a match. The Fuzzy: Final Loan, leveraging FuzzyRegEx, matched because it was able to make the word “finalloan” into “final loan” by inserting a space and so it was a 90% match.


We would like the actual correct result of final loan to win. There are two ways to do this. One way would be to bump up the confidence of the fuzzy regular expression Data Type Fuzzy: Final Loan. This is done by modifying the Confidence Multiplier property in the Result Options' of the Fuzzy: Final Loan Data Type .


That works for this case, but what if there was another document where the OCR read the space between the two words correctly. In that case, the result from the Final Loan Data Type would match at 100%, and the Fuzzy: Final Loan Data Type, with the Confidence Multiplier property set to 1.2 would match at 120%. While this would technically yield the correct result, it is generally best practice to have the exact match return the highest percentage. There are a couple of ways to tackle this situation. One way would be to bump up the Confidence Multiplier property on the Final Loan Data Type to something like 1.3 But another way, would be to reduce the Confidence Multiplier property on the FinalLoan Data Type so that it returns less than 90%.

Getting the Desired Result

Let's change some settings to set this extractor up to return the results in the desired way; that being with the most right result weighted the highest.

Reset the Confidence Multiplier property in the Result Options property window for the Fuzzy: Final Loan Data Type.

Set the Confidence Multiplier property in the Result Options property window for the FinalLoan Data Type to 0.75. The results on the parent Data Type will now show the un-weighted Data Type Fuzzy: Final Loan at a confidence of 90% (again, because a space was inserted), and the FinalLoan Data Type will show 75%.

In the event another document is OCRed correctly with a space between the words, the Final Loan Data Type would return the exact match at 100%. The Fuzzy: Final Loan Data Type would also return 100% because the expression matched 100% with no substitutions.

In order to make the exact match always preferred, it would also be possible to set the Fuzzy: Final Loan Data Type Confidence Multiplier property to 0.99. But since both the fuzzy and the exact non-fuzzy Data Type matched 100%, it doesn’t really matter which one returns the result.

Waterfall Classification

Setting the Classification Method property on a Content Model to Lexical or Rules-Based, one can set up Positive Extractors on Document Types. If this extractor returns a result above the Minimum Similarity set on the Content Model, the document will be assigned that Document Type during classification. By default a result from an extractor is returned at 100% confidence (unless Fuzzy RegEx is leveraged to return a result, in which case the confidence will be affected by the fuzzy algorithm.) Given this fact positive extractors are almost certain to be above the Minimum Similarity.

This extractor could be a "Waterfall Extractor", taking advantage of the Waterfall Extraction technique. However, for classification, the system is just looking for some result to be returned above the Minimum Similarity confidence threshold.

In the Waterfall Classification method, the Minimum Confidence property can be set in the Result Filter property window of a Data Type which will eliminate any results less than that confidence. This may eliminate the results of some referenced extractors which technically matched, but at a low percent.

If we happen to know that those lower confidence hits are valid and should count for classifying the document, then the Confidence Multipliers on those referenced Data Types can be set to a higher value in order to make them hit the Minimum Confidence required.

Similarly, if higher confidence hits are inappropriately classifying documents and shouldn't be returned, the Confidence Multiplier property can be reduced so that those Data Types only exceed the Minimum Confidence when they are very high confidence.

Example

A base Content Model, Batch, and Batch Process for use with this section can be found here. It is not required to download to understand this section, but can be helpful because it can be used to follow along with the content of this section. This file was exported from and meant for use in Grooper 2.9

  1. Here selected is the Content Model for this setup.
  2. The Classification Method property is set to Lexical which allows for TF-IDF training, as well as a Rulese Based approach.
    • Notice, too, its Minimum Similarity property is at its default 60%.
  2. This Data Type is the extractor supplying the Content Model's Feature Extractor property, which is what is used to train the Form Types of the Title Opinion Document Type.
  2. This Data Type is the extractor supplying the Generic Letter Document Type's positive Extractor property.
  3. It is using the the (new to Grooper 2.9) AND Collation Method.
    • Think of this as somewhat between an Array and an Ordered Array. All extraction results need to be present, but not in a specific order.
  4. The Result Options property’s sub Result Options window has the Output Confidence property set to 60%, therefore all results returned from this extractor will be returend with a confidence of 60%.
  2. This Batch Process Step is configured for ESP Auto Separation at the Batch Scope and pointed at the aforementioned Content Model. The Batch supplied with the zip file is the one being observed.
  3. In the highlighted example, with the Pages classified and the Preview button enabled, you can see that the Title Opinion Document Type similarity for page one is 89%, and the Generic Letter is coming in at the enforced 60%.
    • Were this a previous version of Grooper without this functionality, the "Rule" would have come in at a default 100%, which is obviously higher than the 89%, because confidences could not be manipulated previously. This would have resulted in the false classification of the Tile Opinion as a Generic Letter.
  4. The Positive Extractor of the Generic Letter allows the accurate classification of the letters given the "rule" is at or above the Content Model's Minimum Similarity property.

Version Differences

Prior to Grooper 2.9 the Confidence Multiplier property did not exist.

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